| OTVA NEWSLETTER - February 2008 - Volume 
              10 - Page 1CONTENTS President’s Message 1New Members 2
 NSW November Reunion 2
 WA Reunion Report 3
 Tales of the Gowanlocks 3
 More on Colossus 3
 Modern Marime Communications (2) 4
 The transistor at 60 5
 The birth of Integration 8
 Hybrid Integrated Networks 8
 MicroSoft Haiku 9
 Vale (Tom Harris, Bob Long, Eamon Fitzpatrick, Phil Healey, Dulcie 
              Lang, Merle Harris) 10
 The Last Word 14
 
  COMING EVENTS [Top] 
              
                AUTUMN REUNION - 14 MARCHThis will be in the Bowlers Club (99 York St Sydney) 
                  on 14 March at Noon. We are arranging round tables this time 
                  so it is essential you let us know you are coming so we can 
                  ensure there are enough provided. Usual financials, $20 at the 
                  door and a cash bar. Bookings to David Richardson (d_s_richardson@bigpond.com 
                  or 9487 1985) or Henry Cranfield (henrycra@aapt.net.au)
NSW AGM Friday - 13 JUNE at the Bowlers ClubFUTURE OUTINGS: Kurrajong Radio Museum (www.vk2bv.org/museum) 
                  has been suggested as a place to visit, possibly for the September 
                  Re-union. More next Newsletter. Other suggestions for places 
                  which might interest Vets are sought. Make your suggestion now! 
  PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 
              [Top] 
             I trust all of the members of the OTVA had an enjoyable 
              Christmas and a happy New Year. The Executive of the OTVA has completed 
              its first committee meeting of the 2008 season and has affirmed 
              it will continue its program of improved communication with our 
              members.  The committee unanimously acknowledged the excellent 
              job being performed by:  
              
                 Chris Bull (ex Paddington ISTC/Data, Broadway CNCC and Paddington 
                  CNCC) in relation to his enhancement of and management of the 
                  OTVA website (http://www.otva.com). The content of the website 
                  has been changed to provide access to more information but it 
                  was resolved to protect the information from the prying eyes 
                  of non-members of OTVA. Martin Ratia in relation to his efforts to address completely 
                  incorrect and inappropriate reference material on OTC available 
                  through the Wikipedia web site. Thanks to Martin the information 
                  is now much more factually complete. Have a look for yourself 
                  by visiting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTVA.  All the quarterly Newsletters can now be read 
              online. The latest newsletters are in HTML format for quicker downloading 
              and easier viewing. The web site has a new Advanced Search feature 
              which allows members to explore the Newsletter archives using keywords 
              of their choice as far back as 1996. Test it out by searching for 
              your own name or your old department name to see if you get a mention 
              anywhere in the archives. You must however apply to Peter Bull for 
              a member’s LOGIN and PASSWORD to gain access to the member 
              pages of the web site.  The web site also has a new Top Stories page that 
              features the best of the stories sent in by our members and is being 
              promoted by way of a quarterly competition with prizes (bottle of 
              wine) for the nominator and nominee. If you come across a great 
              story (amusing, interesting etc.) while browsing the archives why 
              not nominate it and you could win a prize for yourself and the author. 
              Anyone who has not yet applied for a UserID and Password for access 
              to member’s section of the website should email eter.bull.noc@optus.com.au 
              or call on 02-8082 0950.  In addition to the web site activities, the committee 
              will be seeking your feedback on how you would like to receive the 
              OTVA Newsletters as a means of ensuring more efficient and effective 
              access to printed information and photographs.  The planning of the next social function for OTVA 
              members is in its final stages and should prove to be a very interesting 
              one. The venue for the Autumn Reunion has also been booked and details 
              are available above.  I wish you all a happy and healthy 2008.Peter Bull
 
  NEW MEMBERS [Top]Welcome to the following new members who have joined 
              us in the last few months - Ghiath Khalil (NSW), Lindsay Harradine 
              (NSW), Noel Sutherland (QLD), Kevan Bourke (WA) and David Laufer. 
              It is intended to advise of new members in each Newsletter but you 
              will have to negotiate with Allan Hennessy for the address. Send 
              an email request to Will Whyte and he will pass your enquiry along. 
  NEW SOUTH WALES - XMAS 
              2007 ANNUAL REUNION [Top] On 25 November, some 50 odd intrepid members and 
              partners gathered in the Dining Room of the NSW Bowlers Club for 
              the Annual Christmas Reunion. As usual there was much talking and 
              catching up to do. Accordingly much food and a certain quantity 
              of liquid was consumed to assist the process. 
   Ross Beaumont, Brian Calder, RAF Taylor, Col Kelly 
              and Laurie MacIlree
 (Denis Grant and Brian Curran in the distance!)
  The Three Stooges – Barry Stockbridge, Jim 
              Simpson and Bob MacCauley
  Trevor Thatcher, Bruce Collett and John Hodgson 
              (trying to hide)
  There were others in the room doing the same thing 
              so the noise level was rather high. We are looking at having round 
              tables and having the Christmas function a little earlier to avoid 
              these problems in future. (It is most unlikely that our noise level 
              will be reduced!) 
 WEST AUSTRALIAN VETERANS 
              - 33RD AGM [Top] Western Australian Veterans Toe Boe, Kevan Bourke, 
              Ron Cocker, Jim Congdon, Keith Darwin, Kevin Hills, Reg Jones, Sean 
              Leahy, Tom McKnight, Barry O’Keeffe, Wal Perryman, Bob Smallwood 
              and Derek Walker gathered at the Perth International Telecommunications 
              Centre, Gnangara on Tuesday 20th November for their 33rd Annual 
              General Meeting.  Apologies for absence had been received from Jim 
              Bairstow, Allan Headley, Fred James, Derek Kaighin, Val Parker, 
              Ray Parkinson, Rod Pernich and Bernd Wendpaap. One minute’s 
              silence was held for ex-STO1 Paul Cooper, who died in February. 
             President Des Kinnersley and Secretary/Treasurer 
              Derek Walker were re-elected unopposed and three committee members 
              were elected – Reg Jones, Kevan Bourke and Jim Congdon, representing 
              the Telstra, Stratosglobal and Reach personnel (most of whom are 
              ex-OTC) working in the PITC complex.  The AGM was followed by lunch, after which those 
              attending watched the DVD of “Memories – the OTC Story” 
              The next meeting for the WA vets will be on Tuesday 18th November 
              2008. 
  TALES OF THE GOWANLOCKS 
              [Top] 
                Maggie Gowanlock is collecting stories of her 
              father and mother and wonders if anyone can help her? Harry is gone 
              as we know but are there others who could help. Please contact her 
              at the addresses below.  “Recenly found a letter from Harry Stone, 
              sent to me a few years ago re my dear mother Aileen. I am putting 
              some memoirs together and would really appreciate your help here. 
              I don't know of anyone else alive who may have some memories of 
              my Dad, so if you can help me there also, that would be appreciated.Best regards,
 Maggie Gowanlock,”
 MAGGIE G BIOGRAPHIES, PO Box 248, Balgowlah NSW 2093 (maggie.carlyle@exemail.com.au)
 
  MORE ON COLOSSUS [Top]  In previous issues we had an item about the Colossus 
              computers which helped Britain crack encrypted messages during WWII. 
              An article in the Sydney Morning Herald on 19 November 2007 adds 
              another piece of the story.  “PC TRUMPS WWII CODE-CRACKING COMPUTER: 
              A rebuilt World War II code-cracking computer developed to intercept 
              Nazi messages has lost to a desktop computer in a contest to decipher 
              an encrypted radio message.  The challenge marked the first time the Colossus 
              machine had been used since former Prime Minister Winston Churchill 
              ordered models of the top secret computer destroyed, according to 
              Britain's National Museum of Computing, which organized the contest. 
              Churchill had feared Britain's national security would be threatened 
              if the state of the art computer's technical details ever leaked 
              out. However, not only was Colossus beaten by a home computer, but 
              by one in Germany. Bonn-based software engineer Joachim Schueth 
              deciphered the message, which was encrypted by a Nazi-era Lorenz 
              cipher machine and transmitted by radio from Paderborn, Germany. 
              It took him two hours Thursday, an hour and 35 minutes faster than 
              the Colosssus. He used ham radio equipment and a computer program 
              he wrote especially for the challenge. Schueth paid tribute to Colossus 
              and those who used it during WWII at the Bletchley Park code-breaking 
              centre, outside London, saying their work was important to Germans 
              because "it helped to shorten the lifetime of the Nazi dictatorship." 
              But Colossus, the world's first programable computer, was no match 
              for its electronic descendants, he said. "Putting Colossus 
              in a competition with modern computers may be a bit unfair," 
              Schueth wrote on his website.  Colossus eventually completed the challenge in 
              three hours and 35 minutes, after overcoming difficulties intercepting 
              the distant radio signal and repairing a blown valve. "We've 
              lost appreciation of just how hard it was to intercept signals, 
              interpret them and put them on Colossus and run them," said 
              Andy Clark, director of the Bletchley Park-based computing museum. 
              "The past two days have brought into sharp focus just how hard 
              they had to work," he said. Experts spent 14 years rebuilding 
              the Colossus using stolen design plans and by gleaning information 
              from those who helped create the original. Ten Mark II Colossus 
              machines enabled code breakers at Bletchley to decipher top-secret 
              communications sent by the Nazi high command.   A Colossus computer
 The rebuilt computer will continue to operate as the 
              museum's Centrepiece, Clark said.”  Web links:Bletchley Park: www.bletchleypark.org.uk
 Joachim Schueth: www.schlaupelz.de
  (When we consider the computing power represented 
              by a modern PC versus the power of Colossus, the result for Colossus 
              was very creditable!)  
  THE BACKGROUND AND EVOLUTION 
              OF MODERN MARITIME COMMUNICATIONS - by Henry Cranfield (Part 2) 
              [Top] 
                Lessons from the “Titanic!’ 
              The ability of the wireless to help a ship summon help In times 
              of distress was perhaps its greatest benefit. From the earliest 
              days of regulated wireless telegraphy a distress call has had absolute 
              priority over all other traffic. Because it was essential to have 
              a special prefix for such calls, in 1912 the London Convention replaced 
              the Marconi’s original letters “CQD” with the 
              familiar “SOS,,.  In those days there were several spectacular marine 
              casualties that proved the value of wireless for saving lives at 
              sea. Seventeen hundred lives were saved when, in the midst of thick 
              fog, the White Star liner “Republic” ran into the Italian 
              ship “Florida”. Though badly holed and with the wireless 
              room damaged, Wireless Officer John Binns was able to send out a 
              CQD call to summon assistance before his ship, the “Republic”, 
              sank Nevertheless, the greatest disaster to a single ship in this 
              period was the sinking of the White Star Line’s brand new 
              ’Titanic”, the largest ship afloat at the time. Although 
              there is much controversy over this accident, one aspect has never 
              been doubted: from beginning to end, the wireless service came to 
              the highest possible standard.  The liner struck the iceberg at 23.40 hours on 
              14th April 1914 and at 00.15 hours the Captain summoned the senior 
              wireless officer to send out a distress call. Some fifty miles away 
              the small Cunard ship “Carpathia” was proceeding cautiously 
              on her passage from New York to the Mediterranean. Her only wireless 
              officer had already gone off watch, but decided at the critical 
              moment to call the ‘Titanic” on a routine matter. As 
              he put on his phones he heard the CQD. The “Carpathia”s 
              commander immediately altered course and with a double watch of 
              firemen shovelling coal into the furnaces drove his ship at forced 
              full speed through the pitch-black night and the ice towards the 
              position of the ‘Titanic”.  The tragedy of the ‘Titanic” marked 
              a turning point in the history of radio communications. There can 
              be no question but that the value of wireless telegraphy for saving 
              life at sea had already been proven by the time of this casualty, 
              but the loss of the ‘Titanic” was so sensational that 
              it brought home to everyone the existence and potential of wireless. 
             During the two world wars and in between, the field 
              of radio communications moved into sound broadcasting and the beginning 
              of the era of television and the semi-conductor. From the local 
              radio we moved on to one of the most spectacular advances in radio 
              communications, the development of VHF and still higher frequencies 
              for long-range and intercontinental communications.  The telecommunications satellite, Telstar 1, was 
              launched from an American base on the 10th July 1962. The following 
              evening, a programme consisting of talks by President John F. Kennedy 
              and other Washington officials, was successfully transmitted to 
              Britain. In the few years that have passed since then. there have 
              been many other advances in the use of communications satellites, 
              and particularly in the development of mobile satellite communications. 
              Communications satellites are radio-relay stations in space. They 
              receive radio signals transmitted from the ground, amplify them, 
              translate them in frequency, and then retransmit them back to the 
              ground. Since they are at high altitude, these satellites can “see” 
              across half of the earth and are thus insensitive to distance. This 
              is their main communications advantage. Another one is that they 
              can see all the microwave transmitters and receivers on almost half 
              of the earth; they are thus able to connect any pair and that “considerable 
              improvements to the maritime distress and safety systems, reliability 
              of the communication link between ships and between ships and their 
              management as well as between crew or passengers on board and persons 
              on shore can be made by using satellites”.  As early as 1966 IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee 
              decided to study the operational requirement’s for a satellite 
              system solely for Maritime use.  The “World Administrative Radio Conference 
              (Known as WARC) convened in New York in 1967 by the International 
              Telecommunications Union ( ITU) asked IMO to continue this work. 
              In 1971 IMO submitted to the ITU committee on space communications 
              2 resolutions . They specified that maritime satellite communications 
              could be used for the exchange of information by telephony and telegraphy, 
              as well as data transmissions , telex and fax. In particular they 
              offered great advantages in alerting and locating ships in cases 
              of emergency as well as a number of other essential functions such 
              as the reporting of ships’ positions, automatic navigation 
              and weather warnings and in the general management and operation 
              of ships.  In 1973, IMO at it’s assembly adopted the 
              two resolutions which led to future work to establish a new satellite 
              based Maritime safety system for both the “near and distant 
              future” and the setting up of a Maritime satellite system. 
              The conference met firstly in 1975 and three times later. In 1976, 
              a convention adopted the formation of an International Maritime 
              Satellite Organization (INMARSAT ) which entered into force in 1979. 
              and became operational in 1982. Australia was a signatory to this 
              agreement and holds a share in the organisation with OTC(A) being 
              the Australian co-ordinating Authority at that time. The rest is 
              history saved for another issue?  
  THE TRANSISTOR AT 60: 
              (from the SMH) [Top]In December 1947, Bells Labs scientists John Bardeen and Walter 
              Brattain first revealed what would come to be known as the transistor. 
              They held the future in their hands - a device that would replace 
              vacuum tubes in 10 years, and 60 years later has transformed electronics. 
              Inventions change things; great inventions change everything.
 
  The cover of Electronics magazine 
              from September 1948 showing Bell Labs scientists William Shockley 
              (seated), John Bardeen (left, standing) and Walter Brattain who 
              invented the transistor (inset).  That first device was the size of a modern mobile 
              phone. Right now, 2 million transistors could fit in the full stop 
              at the end of this sentence. Intel has just released its new Penryn 
              processors, which have up to 820 million transistors, and soon the 
              standard inch-wide microprocessor will have 1 billion transistors. 
             Combined with advances in programming, we will 
              see single-chip systems such as hand-held translators, in-car collision 
              avoidance systems, and a raft of devices that react to voice and 
              touch.  It is extraordinary to reflect on how far the silicon 
              revolution has come in such a short time. Soon after Bardeen and 
              Brattain made their breakthrough, William Shockley, also at Bell 
              Labs, invented the first semiconductor transistor. All three were 
              awarded the 1956 Nobel prize for their efforts.  Justin Rattner, chief technology officer of Intel, 
              calls the transistor "the fundamental building block of the 
              information age. It's hard even to think of a single invention that 
              is responsible for as much change - you'd maybe have to go back 
              to the Bronze Age, where a single invention changed the course of 
              everything and had a lasting impact."  But doubts are growing over how much further we 
              can go with these technological building blocks of transistors and 
              integrated circuits. To improve speed and keep power and heat under 
              control, transistors have been getting smaller and smaller. Gordon 
              Moore, co-founder of Intel, came up with an eponymous law, that 
              the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years. But 
              he believes his law is running out of steam. At the Intel developers' 
              forum in September, Moore said that in "another decade, or 
              decade and a half, we will hit something that is fairly fundamental". 
             That fundamental problem was explained by IBM Fellow 
              Dr Bernie Meyerson as "atoms don't scale". The nanometre 
              - one-millionth of a millimetre - is the unit used to measuring 
              the tiniest elements of a silicon chip. Intel, IBM and others have 
              recently started production of 45 nm chips.
 But the silicon atom itself is more than a tenth 
              of a nanometre across. Moore suggested there was a basic physical 
              limit of five atomic layers. Today, the oxide layer in transistors 
              is a mere five to six atoms thick, leading to challenges with current 
              leakage. This is a quantum effect, where electrons "tunnel" 
              through an insulating region instead of following their assigned 
              path.  Mr Rattner isn't so sure there's a brick wall ahead. 
              "Gordon always adds a footnote along the lines of 'of course, 
              we've never been able to see beyond about 10 years'. Typically we 
              are seriously at work two generations ahead. We are in production 
              with 45 nanometre and well along with 32 and 22 nm."  Glenn Wightwick, an IBM distinguished engineer 
              and director of the Australian Development Laboratory, agrees there 
              are issues to overcome but doubts innovation will slow. "Until 
              the late 1990s, the vast majority of the gains made have been the 
              result of scaling - making things smaller. When the lithography 
              moved to 180 nm, 90% of the relative improvement over the previous 
              generation of semiconductor devices was derived from traditional 
              scaling - that is, the application of Moore's Law. "Today, 
              as we move from 65 nm to 45 nm and beyond to 32 nm, only 20% of 
              relative improvement is derived from scaling alone. Innovation, 
              in the form of novel materials, structures, processes and architectures 
              delivers the rest. This is why IBM invests so heavily in R&D." 
             IBM's researchers are experimenting with different 
              materials and techniques to improve performance, such as copper 
              in chips, silicon-on-insulator, strained silicon, multicore chips 
              and air gap self-assembly. The current crown jewel is IBM's Power6 
              processor, which has 790 million transistors and runs at 4.7 GHz. 
              Dr Wightwick acknowledges that physical limits are being approached. 
              Mr Rattner concurs. "We are reaching the limits of physics 
              in some ways," he says. To achieve a 45 nm resolution, Intel 
              had to use a new material - Hafnium - in the gates of the transistors. 
              "We ran right into a physical limit," he says. "But 
              what's happened again and again when you come upon the physical 
              limits is we've been able to advance around them, and I think that 
              will continue for at least the next several generations." Already, 
              the scale of the detail on the chip is smaller than the wavelength 
              of the light (193 nm) used to print it. This bizarre result is thanks 
              to the use of "clever maths" while patterning transistors, 
              Mr Rattner says. But this technique is going to reach a limit.  Intel is looking at ways to use light with much 
              smaller wavelengths, extreme ultraviolet and X-rays, but it is a 
              tricky undertaking. "X-rays don't focus in traditional ways 
              - it's all done with mirrors. "But I think a couple of generations 
              out we will have to make the transition." There could be an 
              even bigger transition to come, once the scale gets below 10 nm. 
              Mr Rattner predicts that in a decade, the fundamental basis of electronics 
              will change. Instead of using the electrostatic charge of an electron, 
              devices will depend on another quality of electrons, their "spin". 
              Mr Rattner says: "Spin-based devices will be based on different 
              materials such as titanium cobalt alloys that have the required 
              appropriate magnetic domain. When you get into the speculative area, 
              then you are talking about molecular devices." Molecular devices 
              are one of several new radical ideas around.  Dr Wightwick says many research laboratories are 
              looking for new and novel devices that could replace transistors 
              inside computers. "Things like carbon nanotubes and molecular 
              cascades. There is a lot of interesting work being done in quantum 
              computing." But when the basic building blocks change, the 
              entire architecture of information processing, and the silicon industry 
              itself, will undergo a revolution.  Already, says Dr Wightwick, the cost of a new "silicon 
              foundry" is huge, driven by the cost of moving from one generation 
              of lithography to the next. This has led to dramatic consolidation 
              across the industry in order to share these costs. Moving to a whole 
              new class of devices using different materials (probably still on 
              top of a silicon substrate) will be even more difficult and costly. 
              That's the bad news. The good news is that it's a bonanza in the 
              making for users of technology.  Mr Rattner says that when the first 22 nm silicon 
              chips appear - just two chip generations out - it will prompt a 
              generation of single-system chips that make it easier to interact 
              with technology. "We are right at the start of the information 
              age. We think we are so sophisticated with our hand-held devices 
              and internet access. But we have asked an enormous amount from users 
              to tolerate - why is it that my mother-in-law calls me up and says 
              'I've got this error 22 message'? "How do we soften those interfaces 
              and make them more human? That's a very important next step. We 
              are in that era of technology where we start to move away from machine 
              imposed limitations. "We were doing an internal talk on computer 
              perception and we've got a slide from Star Trek of Captain Kirk 
              holding a universal translator and we ask, 'how far are we from 
              that?'. I think it's probably not more than a decade into the future 
              when devices like that will be practical."  Dr Wightwick also predicts a bright future. "Creating 
              new ideas, solving problems, inventing things and applying technology 
              in new and novel ways, seems to be a basic human characteristic. 
              One of the things I love about computing . .. is that innovation 
              has been so fundamental to this field. I don't see any slowing down 
              of the rate of innovation. In fact, I continue to see more innovation 
              every day." Innovations that give us more processing power 
              will spawn many other innovations, Mr Rattner says. Google "took 
              a very powerful piece of software and ran trillions of bytes of 
              examples of English and Arabic and trained it to recognise language 
              statistically. It knew nothing about Arabic or English, though. 
              "We have spent decades on artificial intelligence thinking 
              we could do everything with rules. "The new thinking is statistical 
              - which is how the brain works - and making use of access to a massive 
              amount of training information from the internet.  "This move to machine learning is going to 
              open up a broad class of applications such as machine translation 
              and continuous speech recognition. "That technology will move 
              very quickly and then you begin to combine that with robotic technology 
              and you move into the age of personal robots." Early next decade 
              Mr Rattner envisages car companies developing autonomous vehicle 
              technologies geared at collision avoidance that can take over control 
              of the car, if the driver dozes off, and bring it safely to a stop 
              "This is not so far fetched and not so far into the future." 
              The next 60 years look set to be just as exciting a ride as the 
              first.  
  THE BIRTH OF INTEGRATION 
              [Top] 
               This is a short, edited extract of a talk given 
              by Professor Ivan Kaminow at the University of Melbourne, organised 
              by the national research institute NICTA, when he reflected on his 
              early years at Bell Laboratories. Ivan P. Kaminow, adjunct professor 
              at University of California, Berkeley, joined AT&T's Bell Labs 
              in 1954, during the decade when the transistor was slowly taking 
              over from valve-based electronics. He is now a respected pioneer 
              of photonic integrated circuits - circuits that work on light instead 
              of electricity.  "I have learnt the lesson that if you try 
              to predict the future you have to expect the unexpected. My first 
              job was in the transistor circuit department (at Bell Labs), only 
              seven years after the transistor was invented. What they had me 
              do was take a vacuum tube circuit used to test telephone lines and 
              convert it to a transistor circuit. It had an aluminium chassis 
              where the vacuum tubes were plugged in. The transistor came in a 
              little can, a few millimetres on the sides, with three wires coming 
              out. It was pretty simple to convert the circuit. I went home and 
              told my wife the transistor probably wouldn't amount to very much. 
              The reason was that these transistors cost $50 and these vacuum 
              tubes cost only a dollar. I was only 24, so you can forgive me for 
              making that dumb mistake but I can't forgive Bell Labs for missing 
              the idea of integrated circuits. I can see two reasons. Yields (the 
              amount of working transistors in a batch of silicon) were poor, 
              so if you have a 10% yield and put two (transistors) on the same 
              device the yield would be 10% of 10%. That was a short-sighted way 
              of looking at things; also, the guy who was in charge of this was 
              pretty arrogant. About 1958 (electrical engineer Jack S.) Kilby, 
              a new hire at Texas Instruments during summer vacation when everybody 
              was out of the labs, decided to put several transistors on the same 
              chip. And that was the origin of the integrated circuit. He connected 
              them with resistors and capacitors with external wires, so it wasn't 
              really fully integrated. A few months later (Robert) Noyce at Fairchild 
              Semiconductor, which later became Intel, he made an integrated circuit 
              where the wiring was integrated on the chip. Since then there have 
              been quite a few surprises. According to Gordon Moore, in the 1990s, 
              more transistors were made each year than raindrops in California. 
              I'm sure that 10 years later you can multiply that by several orders 
              of magnitude. Ten to the 18th (power, that is, a billion billion) 
              transistors are made each year, more than existed at the beginning 
              of the year. That's 10 to 100 times the number of ants on Earth. 
              So all these advances are based on a design for transistors."Timeline of transistor developments
 1947 Transistor invented in Bell Labs.
 1948 Shockley develops first semiconductor transistor.
 1952 Hearing aids are first commercial products to use the transistor.
 1954 Texas Instruments introduces transistor radio.
 1956 AWA manufactures first Australian portable transistor radio.
 1965 Intel co-founder Gordon Moore coins Moore's law.
 1981 IBM launches the PC.
 2007 Intel demonstrates chip with 1.9 billion transistors.
 2007 IBM reveals it has developed a single-molecule switch.
 
  THE HYBRID INTEGRATED 
              NETWORK [Top] While the transistor and the integrated circuit 
              displaced the valve in new equipment there was much equipment which 
              was valve operated which could not be replaced immediately.  The device described below was “invented” 
              by Western Electric for retrofitting in lots of transmission equipment 
              to reduce the onerous maintenance load of valve based equipment 
              until it could be replaced by more modern solid state equipment. 
              I picked up this sample and the story when visiting Western Electric 
              in the early 70’s. “What is a HIN? It is a Hybrid Integrated 
              Network composed of semiconductor devices, interconnected in such 
              a manner as to duplicate the electrical properties of a vacuum tube. 
              
  HINs compared with an Australian 10c 
              coin.
  The actual HIN (most of the can is empty!)
  Description to compare with the actual 
              device above
 HIN's are used in all phases of voice transmission 
              in the Bell System. They are used in repeaters, carrier terminals 
              and microwave equipment. The main advantages are that they are cooler, 
              more stable, longer lived and require practically no adjustment 
              in the circuits. These features translate into many dollars of savings 
              for the Bell System. Contrary to the normal product design procedure, 
              where we receive the finished design from the Bell Telephone Laboratories, 
              the HIN project was conceived, designed and developed by engineers 
              at the Kansas City Western Electric Works. This is a "first" 
              for Kansas City. (Bob Lions)  
  MICROSOFT HAIKU [Top] In Japan, they have replaced the impersonal Microsoft 
              error messages with Haiku poetry messages. Haiku Poetry has strict 
              construction rules: Each poem has only 17 Syllables - 5 syllables 
              in the first line, 7 in the second, 5 in the third. They often achieve 
              a wistful, yearning, and powerful insight through extreme brevity. 
              Aren't these better than the normal "your computer has performed 
              an illegal operation?” The Web site you seekCannot be located, but
 Countless more exist.
 Chaos reigns within.Reflect, repent, and reboot.
 Order shall return.
 Program aborting.Close all that you have worked on.
 You ask far too much.
 Windows NT crashed.I am the Blue Screen of Death.
 No one hears your screams.
 Yesterday it worked.Today it is not working.
 Windows is like that.
 Your file was so big.It might be very useful.
 But now it is gone.
 Stay the patient course.Of little worth is your ire.
 The network is down.
 A crash reducesYour expensive computer
 To a simple stone.
 Three things are certain:Death, taxes and lost data.
 Guess which has occurred.
 Having been erased,The document you're seeking
 Must now be retyped.
 Serious error.All shortcuts have disappeared.
 Screen. Mind. Both are blank.
 
  VALE 
              - TOM HARRIS [Top] aka Evelyn Thomas Constance Harris or ETCH (from 
              Maurie O’Connor.)  Those who had the pleasure of working with him 
              will be saddened by the news that Tom Harris suffered a fatal heart 
              attack at his London home in March, 2007. His wife, Mary, has been 
              thoughtful enough to let me know.  OTC recruited Tom from the External Telecommunications 
              Executive of the British Post Office in the mid-sixties and he worked 
              with us as a Senior Engineer on various transmission projects, notably 
              SEACOM. Bob Lions and Henry Cranfield will remember him fondly from 
              their time together building the Madang Cable Station. The tropical 
              climate would have been bad enough for Tom but, as a further challenge, 
              our installation team included such colourful characters as Paul 
              Beezley, the likes of whom would rarely be encountered on an English 
              village green. These must have been huge cultural shocks for Tom 
              who, at all times, was the epitome of an English gentleman, softly 
              spoken and given to subtle bon mots which, for the most part, we 
              were all a bit slow to "get". He was the Engineering Branch's 
              authority on transmission theory and practice, extending from line 
              systems such as submarine coaxial cables to radio systems and antennas. 
             While living in Sydney, he, Mary and their two 
              lovely young daughters lived in Fairlight where his peculiar English 
              eccentricities would have provided endless interest for the neighbours. 
              He was a keen watchmaker and another one of his recreations was 
              to cut the "lawn" in his backyard with a monstrous scythe 
              which, I suspect, he must have left to the advertising agency that 
              a few years later put on the "Grim Reaper" TV ads.  In his younger days, as I understand, he was a 
              keen soccer player; I don't know how he was then at cricket then 
              but his innings of 92 active years was his crowning achievement. 
              The world will miss Evelyn Thomas Constance Harris, truly a gentleman 
              and scholar.
 VALE - BOB 
              LONG [Top] Bob Long passed away on 11 December at the age 
              of 92 years young. Bob's history with OTC was long and celebrated. This is but a brief 
              record and further information will be sought
 * Oct 1953 to Feb 1955 - Sectional Engineer (Radio Installation 
              & Maintenance) Head Office. Installation & Maintenance at 
              Main Radio Stations and CRS Stations.
 Oct 1955 to June 1967 - Superintending Engineer. Head Office. Later 
              designated Chief Engineer, then Assistant General Manage (Technical) 
              with responsibility for the Australian Section of the COMPAC telephone 
              cable system.
 
 VALE 
              - EAMON BRIAN FITZPATRICK [Top](25 July 1938 – 31 December 2007)
 by Bill Kay
  We are here to celebrate the life of EBF and to 
              grieve at his passing. I am humbled to have bestowed on me the privilege 
              of saying a few words on behalf of his mates, work colleagues and 
              his many friends.  Eamon was Eamon, there was no other, what you saw 
              is what you got. He had no ‘airs’ about him. He treated 
              everyone the same no matter what station of life you came from. 
              He had a spirit about him that revolved around the basics in life. 
              He always gave more than he received and we were always welcome 
              to share a beer (or 2 or 3…) with him from his beer fridge 
              and discuss the qualities of a particular method for polishing a 
              piece of brass.  As far as the environment was concerned, it could 
              be said he was the original ‘greenie’ for his choice 
              of not owning a car for about 20 years. However, it didn’t 
              take into account the fact that Judy had to do the shopping by public 
              transport and carry everything home including the two kids. He showed 
              it could be done without hardship and a small inconvenience and 
              at the same time he would stay fit…he was ahead of his time. 
              Eamon hated waste and resurrected a variety of materials and items 
              from the tip and had the skill to turn them into pieces of art as 
              well as securing them for their historical significance for a place 
              in the future. (However, defining art as good or bad relies on the 
              eyes of the beholder - I really hope you did not bequeath me the 
              40kg key tree mobile…not one of your better ones!!!)  I don’t know anyone that has actually worn 
              out the treads of a wheelbarrow wheel – Eamon wore out 3! 
              His wheelbarrow was the equivalent to a ‘blokes Ute’. 
              He could be seen through the suburb carting 6m lengths of hardwood, 
              sand, bricks …you name it, if he saw a use for an item it 
              did not get to the tip. A place called Tullochs, just down the road, 
              came in very handy for providing a focus point for his recycling 
              adventures. Again, recycling in a time when this was not a done 
              thing.  He was a true mate, he never got angry, never was 
              judgmental, always willing to help. Eamon always took the time to 
              listen to our problems or issues and it always stayed confidential. 
              He never lied but he was known to embellish stories of which he 
              knew many. He was a larrikin, in the truest sense, never in malice, 
              always in good humour, however, it is noted that he was always around 
              when a practical joke was being executed and he was good at coming 
              up with ideas and finding other mates to action…..I can find 
              no record of Eamon having actually performed one….if some 
              one knows please enlighten me later. If a mate needed that particular 
              small screw to fix a model railway, a special bracket to hang something, 
              a ‘whatsamacallit for a thingamajig’, Eamon would find 
              it, more often than not from his ‘Aladdin’s Cave’ 
              of a shed but if he did not have it he would source it and you would 
              get a call saying where it could be purchased or more often than 
              not, source it himself. Again he never wanted any reward because 
              that is what mates do. Once you were a mate of Eamon you were a 
              mate forever. He could and would talk to any one from the Cleaner 
              to the General Manager, Politician and has even been known to interrupt 
              the speech of the Duke of Edinburgh (though this was unintentional), 
              as we all know he was a monarchist.  In respect of a mate it could be said he was a 
              ‘Great’ man. A testimony to this fact is the presence 
              of all of us here. There is no common link in this congregation 
              other than Eamon. That alone is testimony to his greatness. (Though 
              he most probably is turning over at this thought).  He applied himself to every task with a 110% effort. 
              He was a skilled tradesman and through his working life he was also 
              a procurer of all hard-to-find items. He also was the first to introduce 
              trainees and new comers into the work place by introducing them 
              to staff and taking them on a tour. He had an enthusiasm that, at 
              times was misunderstood, particularly by the “young-uns”. 
              In wanting to impart his experience and skills, in certain instances 
              he seemed to be always correcting our work…but in hindsight, 
              many of us are here now which stands in testimony of his teaching. 
             He had a knack of knowing well before anyone else, 
              including the Works Supervisor, when the ‘good’ away 
              jobs were to be scheduled and was always well positioned to be chosen. 
              He became a symbol of keeping the mateship of the OTC group together 
              to what is now known as the OTC Family.  One of his favorite work experiences was while 
              he was working in Cambodia at the UNTAC military base as a logistics 
              officer ensuring that supplies for works were on shipped to the 
              remote sites in Cambodia for expanding the communications systems 
              in remote areas. The equipment was shipped alongside Red Cross and 
              Medical supplies and somehow Eamon was always able to get/arrange 
              a quantity of Australian beer to the teams in the bush. Eamon had 
              a skill for finding that particular hard to find item, or its alternative, 
              wherever he was. The job in Cambodia was the one he liked best and 
              became recognized at the base as “the Aussie with the Bush 
              hat”.  However, Eamon was not perfect. He was tenacious 
              and enthusiastic at what ever job he was involved with and sometimes 
              you just had to say ‘NO’ but the number of times you 
              would come back and find your ‘No’ was modified back 
              to the way he wanted to do it anyway…….but that was 
              Eamon and in hindsight we would not have him any other way.  He was the best storeman you could have. His store 
              at Paddington was exemplary. He catalogued everything and had everything 
              in its place and boy did he let you know it if you didn’t 
              sign the item out and in correctly. When tools came back damaged 
              he was the one to sharpen and get the item fixed. He hated cheap 
              tools and it was to his credit that Paddington had one of the best 
              tool stores in OTC. (Mind you he didn’t care about budgets 
              too much and invariably the Works Supervisor would have to write 
              an explanation on budget blow outs….but we did get the right 
              tools for the job and that was a cost saving in itself at the end 
              of the day.)  Numerous emails have been received in respect 
              to the passing of Eamon there was one that I feel says it all: “Eamon’s 
              energy and sense of humour was always evident and even when things 
              got bad he was the one who proceeded to re-arrange the deck chairs 
              and the day’s entertainment on our various ‘Titanics’ 
              to ensure good humour and reason may reside”.  Eamon, you fought hard for the last 2 years against 
              your illness and many of your friends were not aware of the seriousness 
              of your state. You kept a lot to yourself and in the end you passed 
              away quickly and peacefully. The quickness of your departure took 
              away the opportunity for many of us to say how we felt about you 
              and the effect you had on our lives. - A better man for a mate we 
              could not want. - You can be proud of your achievements - they are 
              many. - We want you to know how much valued and respected you are. 
              - You are a teacher of life. You showed how through simplicity you 
              can achieve anything you wanted. Though you were not a simple man. 
              - You’re honest and completely trustworthy. - We would like 
              to thank you for all your support and your help in solving problems, 
              small & big. - Thank you for being a great listener and the 
              time you spent with us. For no reward other than our company. - 
              While having a few with the boys, thank you for being the last to 
              leave and ensuring we get on the right train home. Even for the 
              notes you pinned to our shirt to ensure the conductor would kick 
              us off at say, Toonagabbie. You will be missed. But Eamon you could 
              not pick a better day to go, New Years eve! How will any of us not 
              remember it and you can be assured we will have a beer in our hand 
              and what better reason than to have another one as a toast to you 
              for the years to come.  Be assured ‘ole mate’ we will all meet 
              with you again but, please don’t be offended, the intent is 
              not in the immediate future…..but who knows, life has its 
              own schedule to which we have no input. Good-bye ole mate have a 
              good journey and we know you will be having one, as we will, to 
              celebrate your life
 VALE - PHIL HEALEY [Top]
 (Edward Philip Healy) (29/11/1924 – 6/1/2008)  Phil Healy was born 83 years ago in 1924. He had 
              a happy childhood at West Ryde in Sydney, doing such things as playing 
              in the mangrove swamps in the Parramatta River, where he later learned 
              to swim, throwing eggs off the railway bridge at West Ryde at passers-by 
              and, of course, making and riding Billy carts. In those early days, 
              radio, known as wireless, was in its infancy. Only the rich could 
              afford to own one. Crystal radio sets were commonly constructed 
              in backyard sheds. Young Phil took an interest in these new gadgets 
              and found he had a natural talent in this field. His sister, Beth, 
              remembers that even as a young boy, his bedroom on the side verandah 
              of their home, was always a mess of wires, valves and capacitors, 
              which prevented anyone from cleaning it. When he was only 8 years 
              old Phil managed to repair a broken radio belonging to his uncle, 
              who edited the local newspaper. His uncle was so impressed that 
              he published an article in the paper, praising the boy’s talent. 
              To no one’s surprise, Phil’s first job was building 
              radios in a workshop in Eastwood for John Britton, who pioneered 
              the building of radio receivers in Australia. Phil then worked for 
              radio 2GB, back in the days when radio equipment needed constant 
              attention. He was also involved in making the old heavy black 78rpm 
              records for EMI, a record company in Sydney.  In WW2 Phil volunteered to join the RAAF. Phil 
              himself did not know his birth name was Edward Philip until he went 
              to enlist in the air force at the age of 20, and was reprimanded 
              by officers for misrepresenting himself on his application. It was 
              only then that he discovered his birth name was Edward – but 
              to everyone, he has always been and will always be Phil Healy. He 
              spent the war in Darwin doing “seat-of-the-pants” maintenance 
              on radar and radio equipment in air force fighters and bombers. 
              The lives of pilots and crew depended on the reliability of this 
              equipment. Phil’s marvelous electronics talent enabled him 
              to design and install the ground to air instrument landing gear 
              used by the RAAF. After the war, Phil started back at 2GB, but did 
              not find the work challenging enough. So, when the opportunity arose 
              he started work with the then fledgling TV station, Channel 9. After 
              seeing in the start of television in Australia, he moved across 
              to the ABC. Again, after a while, he needed more challenges and 
              started work with the department of civil aviation. His electronics 
              talent impelled Phil into a life of adventure. Because of his expertise 
              in designing and installing the first aeroplane instruments landing 
              system at Mascot airport, he was contracted to do the same for other 
              cities and towns around Australia. Then he was asked if he would 
              like to do a similar job in New Guinea. He accepted, and with his 
              new wife Maureen, left Sydney in 1959 to spend 3 years in New Guinea. 
              Phil and Maureen spent their honeymoon on a slow cargo boat going 
              to New Guinea. They had a marvelous time on this boat and Phil never 
              forgot a special morning when they saw the sunrise in the Whitsunday 
              Passage. Phil’s work in New Guinea required him and his crew 
              to traverse the mountainous countryside. He kept a copy of the job 
              report for the VHF Propagation Tests that had to be performed on 
              Mount Albert Edward, a 13 thousand feet series of ridges in the 
              Owen Stanley Ranges, 80 air miles from Port Moresby. The 4 technicians 
              in the crew were accompanied by, and I quote “2 native policeman, 
              1 native medical assistant, 2 native interpreters, 92 native carriers.” 
              The total weight of all the supplies was 3 thousand 500 pounds. 
              Extra blankets had to be supplied to the carriers because they were 
              working above 10 thousand feet and nights were cold. The journey 
              took 2 days of hard slog via a steep native track described as “impassable 
              to horse and mule” that initially traversed lower areas characterized 
              by swamps and soaks. There were no hard ship allowances in those 
              days. This was just part of the job. On later jobs, actually building 
              the VHF aerials, they worked at altitudes where the air was so thin 
              that they had to work on hands and knees to conserve oxygen. On 
              their return from New Guinea, Maureen took a job as a secretary 
              while Phil continued to work for the civil aviation authority. His 
              work involved such things as the erection of many of the first series 
              of telecommunication towers around the country. Phil later worked 
              for OTC (Overseas Telecommunications), which kept Australia in touch 
              with the world. He was based at Doonside for the last years of his 
              working life. When he retired, Phil and Maureen moved to their 7-acre 
              block at Broughton Vale, which they bought in the early 1980’s. 
              They designed the house, although Maureen had the greater influence 
              in this instance and had the house built. Phil continued to spend 
              most of his time on his beloved electronics, while Maureen spent 
              most of her time in implementing the landscaping. Both Phil and 
              Maureen thoroughly enjoyed living in the Berry area, on their beautiful 
              secluded property. Sadly, Maureen passed away in 1993 and Phil spent 
              many years alone, although during this time his generosity to others 
              came to the fore. Then, as chance would have it, he fell in love 
              again. He courted Jill, popped the question (how could she resist 
              after 4 dozen oysters and 2 bottles of bubbly!) and married into 
              a life of bliss. Phil and Jill have had 8 very happy years together. 
              Phil was the laughter and love in Jill’s life. Sadly, Phil 
              passed away last Sunday (6/1/2008). He was a ‘no bullshit’ 
              man as his nephew Graham put it, who was humble about his achievements 
              and experiences. Even though he lived a long, full and adventurous 
              life, he will be greatly missed by all who knew and loved him. VALE - LANG, DULCIE 
              MARY: (nee Campbell) [Top]  From Robert hall 16 Jan 2008Widow of the late Thomas Learmonth Lang. Died peacefully at the 
              Frankston Hospital on Saturday January 12th 2008 Aged 89 Dulcie 
              was the dearly beloved and loving mother of Margaret, Warren, Ian 
              and Bruce. Grandmother of 12 children and Great Grandmother of 7 
              children. She lived a full and happy life, loved her growing family 
              and greatly enjoyed her lawn bowls, at which she was a keen and 
              successful competitor over a very long period. Dulcie will be greatly 
              missed by all who knew her. A Memorial Service to celebrate her 
              life was held at All Saints Anglican Church, Point Nepean Road Rosebud 
              Victoria on Monday January 21st, 2008
 
 VALE -MERLE SHORT [Top]
 Merle Teresa (Shorty) Short from MOR died peacefully 
              on Thursday evening 24th January 2008, aged 82 years. In a long 
              and interesting life, Merle worked in many places, including a communications 
              career which started with AWA in 1942 and moved to MOR where she 
              worked till 1966 when she retired as Secretary to the Traffic Superindent. 
              Away from work, she loved sports, playing tennis, cricket, golf 
              and softball. She became involved in softball administration and 
              was inducted into the Softball Hall of Fame for her work. There 
              was a funeral service at St. Peter's Catholic Church in East Keilor 
              on Friday 1st February 2008 
  THE LAST WORD [Top] Welcome to the Year of the Rat. A Rat Year is a 
              time of hard work, activity, and renewal. In Chinese, the Rat is 
              respected and considered a courageous, enterprising person. I am 
              sure 2008 is to be a good year!  I hope you approve the new header as it is derived 
              from our new look letterhead. The fact that Will doesn’t write 
              many letters means that you won’t often see it. Thus it was 
              natural that I plagiarise it for the Newsletter. Please send material 
              for the next issue by mid May thanks. And I need lots of it!We have lost John Hampton. I know it was careless. Does anyone have 
              contact details for him? Please advise?
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